What Is a Two-Way Table of Categorical Variables

One of the goals of statistics is to arrange data in a meaningful way.   Two-way tables are an important way to organized a particular type of paired data.   As with the construction of any graphs or table in statistics, it is very important to know the types of variables that we are working with. If we have quantitative data, then a graph such as a histogram or stem and leaf plot should be used. If we have categorical data, then a bar graph or pie chart is appropriate. When working with paired data we must be careful. A scatterplot exists for paired quantitative data, but what kind of graph is there for paired categorical data? Whenever we have two categorical variables, then we should use a two-way table. Description of a Two-Way Table First, we recall that categorical data relates to traits or to categories.   It is not quantitative and does not have numerical values.   A two-way table involves listing all of the values or levels for two categorical variables. All of the values for one of the variables are listed in a vertical column. The values for the other variable are listed along a horizontal row. If the first variable has m values and the second variable has n values, then there will be a total of mn entries in the table. Each of these entries corresponds to a particular value for each of the two variables. Along each row and along each column, the entries are totaled. These totals are important when determining marginal and conditional distributions.   These totals are also important when we conduct a chi-square test for independence. Example of a Two-Way Table For example, we will consider a situation in which we look at several sections of a statistics course at a university. We want to construct a two-way table to determine what differences, if any, there are between the males and females in the course. To achieve this, we count the number of each letter grade that was earned by members of each gender. We note that the first categorical variable is that of gender, and there are two possible values in the study of male and female. The second categorical variable is that of letter grade, and there are five values that are given by A, B, C, D and F. This means that we will have a two-way table with 2 x 5 10 entries, plus an additional row and an additional column that will be needed to tabulate the row and column totals. Our investigation shows that: 50 males earned an A, while 60 females earned an A.60 males earned a B, and 80 females earned a B.100 males earned a C, and 50 females earned a C.40 males earned D, and 50 females earned a D.30 males earned an F, and 20 females earned an F. This information is entered into the two-way table below. The total of each row tells us how many of each kind of grade was earned. The column totals tell us the number of males and the number of females. Importance of Two-Way Tables Two-way tables help to organize our data when we have two categorical variables. This table can be used to help us compare between two different groups in our data. For example, we could consider the relative performance of males in the statistics course against the performance of females in the course. Next Steps After forming a two-way table, the next step may be to analyze the data statistically.   We may ask if the variables that are in the study are independent of one another or not.   To answer this question we can use a chi-square test on the two-way table. Two-Way Table for Grades and Genders Male Female Total A 50 60 110 B 60 80 140 C 100 50 150 D 40 50 90 F 30 20 50 Total 280 260 540

Summary and Critique of The Timelessness of Nursing Theory

Annotated Bibliography of Two Nursing Articles Summary and critique of The timelessness of nursing theory by Sandra Schmidt Bunkers. This article by Bunkers examines the ways in which nursing theory as articulated by Florence Nightingale and supported by Rosemarie Parses theoretical modeling can be understood as being timeless and to what extent it should be considered as rooted in a particular historical moment and cultural context. Bunkers draws on both her academic and professional expertise in writing this article. Bunkers holds an RN as well as a PhD and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing, serves as a professor and Graduate Department Head at South Dakota State University. Bunkers argues that Nightingales model is more universal than it has lately been considered to be: Poststructuralist and postmodernist theories have prompted reconsideration of a range of theories and practices such as Nightingales model of nursing to determine how generally appropriate such models are. Nightingales models of nursing have received significant criticism in the different of eras that have transpired within the realm of nursing since her work on the battlefields of the Crimean War. Nightingales dismissal of the opinions of her female contemporaries who fought so hard for gender equality are one of the reasons that her model of nursing has been called into question: Bunkers notes that Nightingales philosophy of nursing can be seen as arising from her personal

A Country Doctor A Story By Franz Kafka History Essay Free Essays

/A state physician is a narrative by Franz Kafka implying challenges and defeats a state physician had to confront in an effort to salvage the wellness of a patient stat mis off.He starts out on a journey to procure the wellness of an indisposed patient but it was n’t a smooth seafaring.He had to lift above every challenge that came his manner. We will write a custom essay sample on A Country Doctor A Story By Franz Kafka History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The physician was ready for his journey that seemed long and boring, and in his company was a pretty miss ( his retainer miss ) with whom they had to go.The physician had to get in clip at his finish at least to salvage the state of affairs at manus but the ways and agencies of making his finish proved futile. His ain Equus caballus had died the old dark, and the servant miss had to run all round the small town availing all the resources but all was in vain. No 1 in the small town was willing to impart a Equus caballus at that clip of the twenty-four hours and for such a long and boring journey.The physician was frustrated at the bend of events, he merely stood at that place open, gazing in to the empty infinite unable to travel as snow gathered upon him doing him weak.He did n’t give up yet for he knew ever there would be light at the terminal of the tunnel.The servant miss ( Rose ) was there standing at the gateway beckoning a lantern.He strode through the tribunal pace once more, but he could n’t see any manner out of the tribunal ; in defeat and confusion he kicked at the elderly door of the pigpen and the door opened broad.A crisp odor of Equus caballuss me the physicians nose.A dim stable lantern swang from a rope in the room.A adult male stooping on his buttocks appeared with a curious expression on his face.He crawled out of the little room but within a split of a 2nd he was back, with two good reinforced Equus caballuss.The physician ordered the servant miss to impart a manus to the adult male and she did with harness. Everything seemed ready and everyone was ready for the long journey.The groom insisted on driving the remainder but his determination was turned down by the physician claiming the groom was a alien and they had hardly known each other, allow entirely non cognizing the terrain. A crisp statement emerged between the state physician and the groom.The groom had to retreat himself out of the journey and insisted to remain behind with physicians servant miss.What a blow to the state physician. He had to cover with this challenge and besides get down on his journey that seemed inevitable.Although the physician was frustrated but he came to believe of it.The adult male was a alien who came in to the physicians life and offered a shoulder to tilt on when everyone else had failed him. How was he to go forth behind his servant miss with the alien? The groom clapped his custodies a mark of going to the gig, and so it was, they left in a lightening velocity. The physician arrived at his patients farmyard late that dark when the Moon was high above the sky. He met a instead baffled household members whose faces glittered with hope at the sight of the state physician. The sort of response the physician received sent some message that he was late for his assignment. The whole small town had cast their hopes on the state physician to salvage their ailing boy, whose wellness seemed to acquire worse twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the air was stuffy although the physician went directly and examined his patient. The patient was weak and his wellness unpromising- but he wrapped his weaponries round the physician ‘s cervix, as a mark of licking by the hurting. The physician had one challenge in head, that he was to safe the wellness of the patient no affair what for the whole household had pressed trust on him. But believing of Rose and how he was to deliver her from the custodies of the alien made him ill, how could he salvage her and yet he was stat mis off? He thought he had better gone back and salvage his servant miss from the custodies of the groomed alien. The Equus caballuss looked set for the return journey but the physician had allowed the patient ‘s sister to take away his fur coat, intending he was get downing to present his services to the patient. An old adult male from he household handed over a glass of rum to the physician and patted him on the shoulder, as a mark of friendly relationship and hopes that all was traveling to be good with the patient but the physician was non amused by the act, alternatively he felt defeated and defeated. This meant the whole household expected nil less than the best from him, what a challenge it was he was the territory physician and ever delivered his services to a point he realized it was beyond the bound but still he was underpaid. Rose was still in his head non to reference of the patient who was in a serious status every bit good. His Equus caballus had died last dark but no 1 was at that place to portion his torment. He was frustrated. The size of the lesion on the right side of the physician ‘s patient and the status of the patient startled the physician, he knew the male child was non traveling to retrieve shortly or subsequently but still he had to reconstruct hopes in the faces of the male child ‘s household who stood around the patient ‘s bed this meant the physician experience that much was expected from him even though the patient ‘s position was non traveling to better the male child demanded a re-assurance from the physician that he would be good and up on his pess. The whole small town had lost religion in the physician due to the long hours he had spent on their patient and nil was forthcoming they came in great figure and stripped the physician ‘s apparels for the cheapjack work the physician had done. The physician was frustrated by this undignified act the villagers ‘ and counterpart who had ab initio lost religion and assurance in him as if this was non adequate le tdown ; the physicians made him put following to his patient stripped off. This was a challenge to he sophisticate for the physician had to lift above by happening a manner out he had to lure his patient by sweet words, words of hope that all would be good with him and shortly he would be up and about, the patient succumbed to the physician ‘s sweet words and genuinely believed he would retrieve in a fortnight holding played his cards right the physician rapidly collected his properties and off he went on a return journey where he could deliver the life of his servant girl- Rose- from the custodies of a groom alien The whole narrative state physician might be considered a incubus for a figure of grounds ; before he embarks on his journey, the state physician had to cover with quite a figure of challenges that came his manner. His Equus caballus had died the old dark and the villagers were non willing to take him any of although the servant miss had gone round the small town looking for one in vain this seemed to be a nightmare owing to the fact that his journey demanded pressing handiness of resources, when the physicians looks like he is saved by the groom who willingly gives him a brace of Equus caballuss still much is expected from the physician by the groom i.e. He had to give out his servant miss to the groom for the good workss he had done, traveling his journey without his servant miss was more of a incubus to the physician.The incident at the patients farmyard remained a incubus to the physician. Subject of treachery is good brought out by Frank Kafka.The groom betrays the physician by worsening to attach to him in his journey stat mis off and alternatively remained behind with the physicians servant girl.Although he had helped the physician out of his quandaries but treachery was n’t a good thing from him.On the other manus the physician seems to be frustrated by being misused by the territory, he is ill paid but expected to put to death his services to a point where he feels its beyond bound. Franz Kafka ridicules the manner relationships are handled in the society, the groom, although he was a alien, he had a clean bosom that saw the physician embark on his journey stat mis off. He plays the nice cat and finally saves the physician.Franz Kafka compares this virtuousness to the undignified character of the villagers.They are so average and excessively demanding ; they expect a batch from the physician yet no 1 was willing to impart a Equus caballus to the physician when he needed 1. This suggests that relationship strings are loose and everyone is separated from the other, there should be a cohesive relationship within the people that stay together. Depriving the physician off his clothe by the villagers is a symbol of discourtesy from the villagers led by the small town elders.Elders of the small town should be on the fore-front in seeking to learn good ethical motives amongst the villagers ; but alternatively they lead by bad illustration.Moral decay is apparent. Poverty has taken toll of the whole small town in that territory therefore the writer brings out the subject of poorness. Other than the Equus caballuss, no other agencies of conveyance was available for the state physician. He spends a batch of clip availing assorted resources and ends up defeated, he reached his finish safely, thanks to the groom for his kindness.The sort of life style experienced in the small town by the physician is a cogent evidence of poorness the ill room was airless and a danger to the patient.The physician had lost religion in his ain profession by stating he had delivered more than plenty of his services but he was ill paid, this means that he barely met his basic demands. Although the writer concentrated strictly on the subject of treachery but besides had some facets of the subject of rousing.The villagers looked barbarian and lack basic instruction, when the physician nods his caput as a mark of licking, no 1 amongst the villagers could read the marks or state either, if they had known the marks the better.They did n’t give the physician ample clip to analyze the patient but alternatively went a caput and humiliated the physician in forepart of the whole small town ; had they known to be patient and take affairs with wisdom and non bitterness. Last the writer brings out misrepresentation as a subject that runs through the narrative. He ( the physician ) is deceived by the groom who subsequently took over his servant miss. The physician besides uses misrepresentation to salvage his ain life from the custodies of the wicked villagers. He deceives his patient and got his manner out of the small town.He besides goes a caput and deceives the whole small town that he could mend the patient although he knew it was a difficult nut to check. How to cite A Country Doctor A Story By Franz Kafka History Essay, Essay examples

Social Policy Homelessness and Domestic Violence

Question: Discuss about the Social Policy for Homelessness and Domestic Violence. Answer: Introduction: The Australian social policies in the context like homelessness, domestic violence, drug treatment, youth suicide and so on are certain major areas of public policy debate. This write-up would explore one of such existing social policies, namely Ice Action Policy, its implications, policy process, the impact on service users and change for recommendations by using social policy literature. Description of the policy The effort to deal with illicit drugs in the Australia has been a major policy concern during the last century and described as a major policy challenge in the present era. Despite of the presence and implementations of policy activities in order to eliminate, prevent drug-associated harms, control drug availability, extensive use of psychoactive compounds remains the same throughout the world. In Australia, Ice use is a deep concern. A statistical report presents that Ice use had been increasing since 2007. There were approximately 100,000 users in Australia in 2007 and the rate has been increased to 200,000 by 2013, which indicates a steep raise in Ice use (Taylor and Clark 2015). This has attracted the focus of the Governments and respective authoritative bodies that urged them to take necessary actions against this serious problem. Therefore, the Government, in the year 2015 has established National Ice Taskforce, who takes action and reports to deal with the increasing use of Ic e in Australia. It is a synthetic compound, which is locally produced and imported and gradually became difficult to interrupt the supply. Due to affordable price, Ice is available and accessible to a greater extent. The aim of the Ice Action Policy is to diminish the rate of Ice use and associated harms throughout Australian communities (Maxwell 2015). The strategy comprises obtainable actions, which further support the governments, communities and the service providers to work in a collaborative way in order to reduce Ice use, associated harms and supply in Australia. The Commonwealth Government provides additional financial support for this program that has further reinforced the reaction to Ice application. During 1990s, the development of drug policy, especially on Heroine use, was equally in the focus of policy makers, researchers and politicians. Later, the Prime Minister Howard structured a new and federal strategy Tough on Drugs. This was a zero tolerance policy throughout his tenure and demonstrated his effort on harm minimization in the context of drug abuse (Chalmers, Lancaster and Hughes 2016). Australian media devoted major attention towards ice epidemic, as it is more destructive compare to the other drugs in Australia and the abrupt emergence left the governments and health services unprepared to deal with the Ice chaos. These incidences show the materialization of methamphetamine use as a major policy issue in Australia. Presently, the Australian government is providing almost $ 299 million in order to take measures to diminish the effects of drug abuse on the families, individuals and communities. Such funding would reinforce treatment, prevention, education along with community engagement (Health.gov.au 2016). Almost $242 million fund was provided to the primary health networks to meet local needs, concentrate on culturally competent mainstream services and also for the indigenous population. Critical assessment of the policy process It is mentioned by Lancaster and Ritter (2014) that based on the advice from Victorian legal and health experts, Daniel Andrews, the Victorian Prime minister viz. the Labour government will take a step to eradicate demand, supply and drug related harms that are ruining millions of Australians lives. In 2015, Andrews released an action plan, which was developed by his task force and delivered within the initial 100days of the formation of the government (Ransley et al. 2011). Considering the plan, Andrews government invested almost $5 million in order to support families to recognize and deal with Ice users and approximately $1 million was invested to support the lead workers, who are at the possibility of getting affected at work. The Labour government also invested almost $18million to support rehabilitation and drug treatment, so that, the users could get the required support they needed and also structured Ice Help Line, which directs the health professionals and families to suppo rt their needs. New measures were also taken to diminish the supply of the crystallized methamphetamine on the streets of Australia that comprised almost $5millon plan. The aim of these measures was to attack stealthy drug labs and implement tough actions to stop the manufacturers and dealers. Community safety was the priority of the Andrews government and thereby supported the community groups by providing almost $500,000to deal with Ice use within the local areas. Not only that, the government introduced new prospects for the young population, which comprised funds for TAFE Rescue fund and Back to work plan. The action plan developed in Victoria identified a major increase in the rate of Ice users, who were at their 20s. The Australian Greens are developed based on four major principles, which include grassroots democracy, ecological sustainability, non-violence, peace and social justice. Thus, controlling use of illicit drugs is one of their major goals. This also indicates that the Greens do not support the legalisation of illegal drugs. According to this party, the individuals, who are using illicit substances, should not be judged with criminal framework. However, they support continuance of penalties for the drug dealers and implementation of an effective system for civil sanction regarding private use of illicit substances while being aloof from other crimes that include actions like treatment, counselling and education than penalties. The Green party also mentioned about the availability of increased change to treatment, recovery and rehabilitation programs as an alternative for the individuals convicted of offense in order to support addiction towards illicit substances (AADANT 2016). This pa rty has majorly focused on developing communication between the local communities and relevant agencies in order to address issues related with illicit drugs. It is evident that the Liberal government established Australian Border Force to integrate and streamline agencies to offer better protection and maintain security and safety in Australia. The Border Force in association with the Federal Police combat the border associated crime, seize drug transactions like Iceand thereby, target the security threats (Liberal Party of Australia 2016). Different point of views exists in the context of reducing Ice use, as the major concern is that the young population do believe that it is easy to get drugs. This indicates a need to developstrategy to deal with Ice by closing the major supply of such substances, as no supply would give rise to zero drug usage. Toughest action should be taken at the dealer and manufacturing level, which requires accurate policing ad tougher penalties. This pinp oints much stronger approach to eradicate supply. Majority believe that a stoppage in supply could not be won and hence, people would be at the safe side if they purchase drugs from the regulated sources, though, it is not supported by a major group of people. The Victorian Alcohol and Drug Association (VAADA) is a major body represent alcohol and drug (AOD) related services and offers advocacy, representation, leadership and information to non-AOD and AOD-sectors(Vaada, 2016). Its goal is to take care of complications individuals are experiencing due to drug and alcohol use and the other supportive organizations, which are represented well in program and policy development along with public discussion. Minimisation of harm has been one of the major principles reinforcing successive drug strategies. VAADA believed that an effective national framework always serve the community. Majority of the VAADA members provided feedback for broad support,more awareness of intrinsic tensions and more focus towards internal inconsistency between demand, supply and strategies associated with harm reduction. Simultaneously, VAADA did not agree about the necessity to strengthen abstinence-related interventions. Besides Ice, Cannabis, LSD, Mephedrone, PMA and so on are certain drugs that are not legalised in Australia. State and Federal laws give punishments for using, processing and selling or making these drugs. Australian Drug laws distinguish between the drug suppliers and drug users. The National Customs Act includes the significance of drugs. Individual states have its individual laws that monitor the possession, manufacture, and drug use, distribution of both illegal and legal drugs. The DPCSA or Drug, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act comprises major drug offences like Use, which refers to inhaling and smoking of fumes and thereby introducing drug dependence into an individuals system. Possession refers to having custody of a substance. Anyone with such possession needs to be authorized by the court. Trafficking is a serious offense that includes developing drug dependence, manufacturing, exchanging and selling. At a commercial level, penalties are highly applicable. With funding support from the New South Wales, the Alcohol and Drug Foundation provide community education for eradicating the use of Ice in this region. The support process includes telling real stories about Ice and providing interactive and factual information so that some differences could be made. The system works in association with the researchers and policy makers in non-government and government organizations in order to inform their decision-making and policy. It advocates changes through mobi lizing and informing major audiences. It analyses policy initiatives prior implementation in association with particular communities and other stakeholders. The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre provided some noteworthy figure that attracted the focus of the government officials and media towards the rapid use of Ice in Australia. It showed that since 2010death due to Ice use has been increased. The rate of Ice drug users has raised by almost 52%. Injectable drug users also use Ice and the frequency of usage was also increased from fortnightly to weekly. The territory, state and national law makers intervention led to arrests and seizures. Policy initiatives like mass media campaigning have reduced domestic demand for this drug (Quinn 2016). However, no noticeable evidence is present that shows the reduced supply or demand of Ice in Australia. Considering the rate of Ice use, the work of the National Task force emerged to be difficult. According to the Task Force members, disrupting the substance use system requires more effort than simply put the dealers in jail or recommending users for rehabilitation. Nevertheless, it could al so be mentioned that by just focusing on strategies for balancing treatment, arrests, family support, rehabilitation and education would not be fruitful on its own. It requires strategic focus on diminishing harm through demand and supply reduction. Impacts of Ice action plan Successful implementation of the initiatives would generate positive economic and social return on investments. This comprises significant developments to the health and well being of the service users via constant reduction of Ice use and saving to the government and diversion from the criminal detention. This action plan linked many Australian families to relevant and required support programs like family drug support. This has provided a chance to the youth population to access rehabilitation and also allows the families to access required respite care and post-care help that would further help them to develop family cohesion (Fitzgerald 2015). This plan has successfully made the government understand the fact that more investment is necessary for the family support services as these are beleaguered with contract from distraught and concerned family members. The action plan enabled to recognize families, who need more education and information regarding the effects of Ice usage an d treatments available as these families struggle hard to make a decision how to help. This is especially true, where there is an inadequacy in a referral from the emergency services and the users were sent home. Sometimes it is seen that the family members of the young users are also involved in drug abuse, Ice action plan enables to help not only the young users but also their family members and customize care for the individuals, which further indicates holistic focus on the users. This further shows that rehabilitation cannot fit for all and also, rehabilitation may require more than years, where the service users fail to cope up with the time frame. Thus, the Ice action plan strengthens positive association among the users within the Australian community (Manderson 2013). The plan also pinpoints that the government efforts to deal with Ice use should majorly concentrate on early intervention and education, wherever feasible and targets the existing user population for whom posi tive opportunities depend upon the availability of rehabilitation and detoxification facilities. It is also seen that lack of detoxification facilities, especially for the young population remains significant obstruction to effective treatment and interventions. Considering this, the task force mentioned that individual users, who are willing to be motivated and seeking change, proper rehabilitation facilities and detoxification should be available in order to maximize a fine gap of opportunity. Detoxification facilities for the youth under 16years of age should be targeted as vulnerable adolescents, which also include people from juvenile justice system. As per the plan, the governments at various levels need to provide support to the vulnerable people and play a strong role in supporting recovery. The plan enabled to introduce efforts in order to promote awareness and research, which further facilitated better workforce development in dealing with complex requirements of the Ice u sers. As the action plan aims to shut the supply of the drug by the manufacturers and dealers, there is a chance that they find other ways to continue their trade, which in turn could affect the health and wellbeing of the society. For instance, these manufacturers could establish association with pharmaceutical organizations and modify certain formulations, which are actually not legal drugs. Also, they could continue trading the drugs by tourists or cattle. This further supports the strengthening of eligibility criteria in schemes associate with Maritime and Aviation Security Identification Card in order to target organized and serious crimes (Chalmers, Lancaster and Hughes 2016). So, a loophole in the authoritative division could destruct the effectiveness of entire anti-discrimination action plan. As per a report, Shepparton, a city in Victoria, yet to receive direct benefits from the action plan. But, the government states that support is delivered equally to all the regions in Australia. It is evident that almost $58 million investment was done for mental health facility in Grampian, but not in the regional areas (Ransley et al. 2013). The policy strengthened internationalised cooperation by structuring innovative supply destruction strategies. There is a strong appeal in the present policy for Ice strategy in order to accept system methodology so that the responsible task force could solve the Ice problem. This methodology requires that the reactions to be in multi layer system, redundant, with higher cooperation. Thus, the risk of Ice could be mitigated. Quinn (2016) in this context has mentioned that disruption approach may deliver highly organized system. Successful implementation and monitoring could enable the task force to achieve better control on equipments and chemicals used to manufacture Ice. The task force carries out dealer campaign and encourage community to report on drug distribution and manufacture, whenever and wherever identified. The task force conduct national review on drug programs that inform about options and practice approaches within the existing setup. The action plan also ensure the fact that the treatment and support for the Ice users are in place, prior and after they depart custody, which further eliminate the feeling of homelessness and re-initiate the habit of drug use and offensive behaviour. Public awareness and mass media campaigns are common tools applied by the governments in order to inform public about harms related to illegal drugs. However, a report demonstrated that media campaigns have no effect on illicit drug use and behavior (Maxwell 2015). Recommendations The effects that Ice uses have on individuals and communities, affecting Australia and the entire world to a greater extent. So, it could be stated that the core reality of Ice epidemic is not only relying on Ice usage. Aiming to target ice use is politically constructive, but might hinder the design of plans, which are on the verge of having better threat reduction value. The strategy development to reduce Ice use would comprise various complicated processes and initiatives along with multifaceted interactions. The chance of success could be wiry (Hamilton and Dunlop 2016). From the discussion, it could be easily stated that there would not be any simple solution for the policy makers, who are trying hard to eradicate Ice epidemic. Hence, further policy responses need to be reinforced by proper guidance and experience from the past that should consider addressing three major areas like disruption, innovation and integration. Whatever tactic is applied, its core ideology needs to be the development of single strategy, which does not merely bridge cross-functional and multiple ingenuities rather create integrated initiatives (Rogerson 2015). It is an accurate time for the policy makers to reconsider policy lessons and strategies from heroine epidemic occurred during 1990. Hence, the policy makers accountable for strategy development need to consider the significance of the incorporation of demand, supply and eradication policies during the development. Australia has its strongest association with the Chinese authority, thereby, productive association also exists between Chinese border security and Australian Department of immigration and border protection. This association could be strengthened to strictly scrutinize and restrict the transport of illicit drugs through the border, which further requires substantial resource and time investments. Reinforcing such strategy also requires respective governments to regularly monitor the footprint and size of their global activities (governmental surveillance system). Disruption in the drug supply process requires more engagement and collaborative working with the enforcement officials. It might not develop accordingly, if the anti-Ice activities are not merged in a succinct nationalized drug supply diminition strategy, which would further support current national investment (Werb 2013). So, to reduce the supply and related precursors from abroad countries, the following steps could be re commended: Need for nationalized disruption strategy, which coordinates the national, trade, diplomatic, police, trade, border security exertions in Australia in order to decrease Ice (drug) supply coming from abroad countries like China, as it is thought to be significant home country for substances like ice and related precursors. This recommendation is based on unsettling the marketplace at the root of origin. Supportive strategies with other countries like Chinese authorities are necessary that would restrict the digression of predecessors from the legitimate economy of these countries are also necessary. Probable strategic and operational impacts of the application of death penalty should also be explored. New Justice Research centre could be established in order to provide coordinated nationalized law enforcement and clear picture on illicit drug markets. Need to implement and develop worldwide End User Declaration System. Development of pilot infrastructure to inform the development of criminal intelligence system. As a disruption approach may reduce a highly structured approach unnecessarily, a thorough evaluation of the harmful effects associated with Ice and dynamics are fundamental to the implementation of disruption strategies, which further necessitates monitoring through different point of views. From the above discussion, it could be mentioned that illicit drugs, irrespective of their types are major social issues and inextricably associated with socio-economic factors. Various drug policies are in place, however, not all are adequate and the respective authoritative bodies are not obtaining the best returns of their investments. The reasons being lack of proof on which to structure policies, evidence is not always analyzed and considered in policy related decision-making, inadequate models to support policy makers to develop good ideas to deal with drug issues and finally, the drug policy is highly debatable in politicized arena. The thorough analysis of the Ice action policy provides a valuable insight on present strategies, ideas, interventions within Australia that further enable the country to respond with success and readiness to illegitimate drug use. References AADANT. (2016).Greens Policies: Drugs, Substance Abuse, Addiction. [online] Available at: https://aadant.org.au/greens-policies-drugs-substance-abuse-addiction/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. Chalmers, J., Lancaster, K. and Hughes, C., 2016. The stigmatisation of iceand under-reporting of meth/amphetamine use in general population surveys: A case study from Australia.International Journal of Drug Policy. Fitzgerald, J., 2015.Framing drug use: Bodies, space, economy and crime. Springer. Hamilton, M. and Dunlop, A.J., 2016. " Ice"(crystal methamphetamine): concerns and responses.The Medical journal of Australia,204(4), pp.136-137. Health.gov.au. (2016).Department of Health | Government response to the Final Report of the National Ice Action Taskforce. [online] Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/MC15-009596-national-ice-taskforce [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. Lancaster, K. and Ritter, A., 2014. Examining the construction and representation of drugs as a policy problem in Australia's National Drug Strategy documents 19852010.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(1), pp.81-87. Liberal Party of Australia. (2016).Protecting Our Borders. [online] Available at: https://www.liberal.org.au/our-plan/protecting-our-borders [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. Manderson, D.R., 2013. From Zero Tolerance to Harm Reduction:The Asylum Problem Problem.Refugee Survey Quarterly, p.hdt019. Maxwell, R., 2015. Calls for more action to address the rise of ice: Focus on targeting.Guardian (Sydney), (1693), p.4. Quinn, B., 2016. Dealing with reality: Methamphetamine: Use, related harms and responses in Australia.AJP: The Australian Journal of Pharmacy,97(1149), p.83. Ransley, J., Mazerolle, L., Manning, M., McGuffog, I., Drew, J.M. and Webster, J., 2011. Reducing the methamphetamine problem in Australia: Evaluating innovative partnerships between police, pharmacies and other third parties. Rogerson, J., 2015. Response to reducing alcohol and other drug impacts in queensland discussion paper. Taylor, A. and Clark, A., 2015. The 2015 regional engagement strategy report.Parity,28(9), p.98. Vaada. (2016). Reports Archives - Vaada. [online] Available at: https://www.vaada.org.au/publication-cat/reports/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. Werb, D., Kerr, T., Nosyk, B., Strathdee, S., Montaner, J. and Wood, E., 2013. The temporal relationship between drug supply indicators: an audit of international government surveillance systems.BMJ open,3(9), p.e003077.